Crater lake
Heaven Lake (Chonji / Tianchi), North Korea / China
Landsat image of Lake Toba, the largest caldera lake in the world
A crater lake that simply goes by the name Crater Lake in Oregon, USA
Cuicocha, Ecuador
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Lake formed after 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
Mount Katmai, Alaska, USA
Mount Wenchi crater lake, Ethiopia
Nemrut, Turkey
Volcán Irazú, Costa Rica
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A crater lake is a lake that forms in a volcanic crater, such as a maar, or in a caldera. Sometimes the latter are called caldera lakes, but often this distinction is not made. Crater lakes covering active (fumarolic) volcanic vents are sometimes known as volcanic lakes, and the water within them is often acidic, saturated with volcanic gases, and cloudy with a strong greenish color. Lakes located in dormant or extinct volcanoes tend to have fresh water, and the water clarity in such lakes can be exceptional due to the lack of inflowing streams and sediment.
Crater lakes form as incoming precipitation fills the depression. The lake deepens until an equilibrium is reached between the rate of water coming in and the rate of water loss due to evaporation, subsurface drainage, and possibly also surface outflow if the lake fills the crater up to the lowest point on its rim. Surface outflow can erode the deposits damming the lake, lowering its level. If the dam erodes rapidly, this can produce a breakout flood.
A well-known crater lake, which bears the same name as the geological feature, is Crater Lake in Oregon, USA. It is located in the caldera of Mount Mazama, hence the name "Crater Lake" is somewhat of a misnomer. It is the deepest lake in the United States with a depth of594 m (1,949 ft). Crater Lake is fed solely by falling rain and snow, with no inflow or outflow at the surface, and hence is one of the clearest lakes in the world.[1]
The highest volcano in the world, 6,893 metres (22,615 ft) Ojos del Salado, has a permanent crater lake about 100 metres (300 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,390 m (20,960 ft) on its eastern side.[2] This is most likely the highest lake of any kind in the world.
Due to their unstable environment, some crater lakes exist only intermittently. Caldera lakes in contrast can be quite large and long-lasting; for instance, Lake Toba formed after its eruption around 70,000 years ago and has an area of over 1,000 square kilometres.
While many crater lakes are picturesque, they can also be deadly. Gas discharges from Lake Nyos suffocated 1,800 people in 1986, and crater lakes such as Mount Ruapehu's often contribute to destructive lahars.
Lakes can also fill impact craters, but these are not usually referred to as crater lakes except in a few isolated cases. Example of such impact crater lakes include Manicouagan in Canada, Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana and Siljan in Sweden.
Contents |
List of volcanic crater lakes
| Lake | Location |
|---|---|
| Lagoa das Sete Cidades |  Portugal, Azores |
| Laacher See |  Germany, Eifel |
| Blue Lake |  Australia, South Australia |
| Lake of Albano |  Italy |
| Lake Nemi | Italy |
| Lake Avernus | Italy |
| Lake Bolsena | Italy |
| Lake Vico | Italy |
| Lake Bracciano | Italy |
| Lago de Amatitlán |  Guatemala |
| Lake Ipala | Guatemala |
| Lago de Atitlán | Guatemala |
| Laguna de Ayarza | Guatemala |
| Laguna de Calderas (Pacaya) | Guatemala |
| Laguna Chicabal | Guatemala |
| Lago de Coatepeque (Coatepeque Lake) |  El Salvador |
| Laguna Verde (Apaneca, Sonsonate) | El Salvador |
| Lago De Ilopango (Ilopango Lake) | El Salvador |
| Cuicocha |  Ecuador |
| Heaven Lake (Chonji / Tianchi) |  North Korea /  China |
| Ijen |  Indonesia |
| Lake Toba | Indonesia |
| Kelut | Indonesia |
| Lago Los Espinos |  Mexico |
| Volcán Irazú |  Costa Rica |
| Mount Katmai |  United States, Alaska |
| Green Lake,[3] Kapoho Crater, Kīlauea | United States, Hawaii |
| Crater Lake | United States, Oregon |
| Medicine Lake Volcano | United States, California |
| Newberry Volcano | United States, Oregon |
| Laguna del Maule |  Chile |
| Rano Kau | Chile, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) |
| Rano Raraku | Chile, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) |
| Kerið |  Iceland |
| Kurile Lake |  Russia (Kamchatka) |
| Nazko Cone |  Canada |
| Nemrut |  Turkey |
| Lake Sfânta Ana |  Romania |
| Lake Nyos |  Cameroon |
| Lake Pinatubo |  Philippines |
| Taal Lake | Philippines |
| Mount Ruapehu |  New Zealand |
| Lake Taupo | New Zealand |
| Lake Shikotsu |  Japan |
| Towada | Japan |
| Mashu | Japan |
| Tazawa | Japan |
| Soufrière |  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Vincent (island) |
| Lake Wenchi [4] |  Ethiopia |
| White Deer Lake (Baengnokdam) |  South Korea |
List of meteor crater lakes
| Lake | Location |
|---|---|
| Lonar crater lake |  India |
| Lake Manicouagan | Canada |
| Lake Kaali |  Estonia |
| Lake Siljan |  Sweden |
See also
- Volcanic crater
- Caldera
References
Notes
- ↑ "Facts and Figures about Crater Lake". U.S. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/archive/crla/brochures/facts.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
- ↑ Andes Website - Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the World's highest volcano
- ↑ Kahumana Sanctuary - Geology
- ↑ http://www.gtz.de/de/praxis/11695.htm Description of Mount Wenchi crater lake on the website of GTZ
Further reading
- Delmelle, Pierre; Bernard, Alain (2000), "Volcanic Lakes", in Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, San Diego: Academic Press, 1999, pp. 877–895, ISBN 012643140X
- Varekamp, Johan C.; Rowe, Gary L. , Jr. (eds.) (2000). "Crater Lakes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 97 (1–4): pp. 1–508. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235962%232000%23999029998%23197405%23FLA%23&_cdi=5962&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000029718&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=582538&md5=1911beba4cc7a30b37f932dac1925ca9. (entire volume about crater lakes)
- Pasternack, G. B.; Varekamp, J. C. (1997). "Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints". Bulletin of Volcanology 58 (7): pp. 526–538. http://www.springerlink.com/content/fe99wvduu106pwpu/?p=bd7fb6cabac34210ace7b7edcfd9f13a&pi=2.
- Kusakabe, Minoru (ed.) (1994). "Geochemistry of Crater Lakes". Geochemical Journal 28 (3): pp. 137–306. http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/GJ/frame/28.html. (entire issue about chemistry of crater lakes)
- IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes
- IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes: Some fundamentals about Crater Lakes
- The Science of Volcanic Lakes
- Volcanic Lakes of the World
External links
- USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Water on volcanoes: heavy rain and crater lakes
- USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory: Volcanic Lakes
- The Science of Volcanic Lakes, Greg Pasternack, U. California Davis